Dunkin Donuts

5448 S Pulaski Rd, Chicago, IL 60632
Café / Breakfast
Last inspected: Nov 26, 2025
78
Score
Low Risk

The health department has logged 15 inspections at Dunkin Donuts, the earliest from 2011. The most recent report on file is from Nov 26, 2025. Low risk indicates the latest report didn't flag anything that would worry the average customer.

Recent inspections have turned up roughly the same number of issues each time, hovering near six violations per visit.

“Physical facilities installed, maintained & clean” comes up most often, recorded 10 times in the inspection record.

Compared to other Chicago restaurants (averaging 81), there's room to close the gap. The file should reassure diners considering a visit.

15
Inspections
0
Critical latest
0
Major latest
5
Minor latest
Inspection History
Nov 26, 2025
Routine
5 minor violations.
View 5 violations
Thermometers provided & accurate
Inspector notes: OBSERVED NO AMBIENT AIR THERMOMETERS INSIDE THE REACH IN COOLERS AND DISPLAY COOLERS. INSTRUCTED TO PROVIDE TO PROPERLY MONITOR THE AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE OF EQUIPMENT.
36
Contamination prevented during food preparation, storage & display
Inspector notes: OBSERVED FOOD ITEMS STORED IMPROPERLY ON THE FLOOR IN THE WALK-IN COOLER AND PREP AREA(S). INSTRUCTED TO STORE PROPERLY BY ELEVATING AT LEAST SIX INCHES FROM THE FLOOR ON RAISED SHELVING UNITS.
39
In-use utensils: properly stored
Inspector notes: OBSERVED IN-USE UTENSILS STORED IMPROPERLY DIRECTLY INSIDE OF THE FOOD CONTAINER(S). INSTRUCTED TO STORE PROPERLY BETWEEN USAGE.
43
Plumbing installed; proper backflow devices
Inspector notes: OBSERVED LEAKING FAUCET AT 3-COMPARTMENT SINK. INSTRUCTED TO REPAIR.
51
Physical facilities installed, maintained & clean
Inspector notes: OBSERVED LOOSE DEBRIS, DIRT AND DUST BUILDUP ON THE FLOORS AND CORNERS THROUGHOUT THE FACILITY. INSTRUCTED TO CLEAN AND INCREASE CLEANING FREQUENCY OF FLOORS.
55
78
Oct 22, 2024
Reinspection
4 minor violations.
View 4 violations
Non-food/food contact surfaces clean
Inspector notes: 4-602.13 OBSERVED FOOD DEBRIS AND SPILLAGE ON THE INTERIOR OF ALL COLD HOLD UNITS(COLD DRAWERS, COOLERS, 3-DOOR COOLER). INSTRUCTED PERSON IN CHARGE TO CLEAN AND MAINTAIN.
49
Toilet facilities: properly constructed, supplied, & cleaned
Inspector notes: 5-501.17 OBSERVED NO COVERED RECEPTACLE IN THE RESTROOM. INSTRUCTED THE PERSON IN CHARGE TO PROVIDE COVERED RECEPTACLES IN ALL RESTROOMS FOR FEMALE USE AND MAINTENANCE.
53
Physical facilities installed, maintained & clean
Inspector notes: 6-501.114 OBSERVED ITEMS STORED ON THE FLOOR IN THE UTILITY CLOSET. INSTRUCTED THE PERSON IN CHARGE TO MAINTAIN ALL ITEMS AT LEAST SIX INCHES FROM THE FLOOR AT ALL TIMES.
55
All food employees have food handler training
Inspector notes: 2-102.13 OBSERVED NO FOOD HANDLER CERTIFICATES ON SITE FOR FOOD HANDLER EMPLOYEES. INSTRUCTED PERSON IN CHARGE THAT ALL FOOD HANDLER EMPLOYEES ARE REQUIRED TO OBTAIN TRAINING AND MAINTAIN FOOD HANDLER CERTIFICATES ON SITE.
57
82
Oct 15, 2024
Complaint
2 major violations. 6 minor violations.
View 8 violations
Food-contact surfaces: cleaned & sanitized
Inspector notes: OBSERVED BUILD-UP OF PINK SLIME ON THE INTERIOR OF THE ICE MACHINE. (ICE USED FOR BEVERAGES). INSTRUCTED THE PERSON IN CHARGE TO DISCARD ICE AND CLEAN AND SANITIZE THE MACHINE'S INTERIOR. PRIORITY FOUNDATION #7-38-005. CITATION ISSUED.
16
Insects, rodents, & animals not present
Inspector notes: OBSERVED APPROXIMATELY 50 RAT DROPPINGS INSIDE THE UTILITY CLOSET NEAR THE RESTROOMS. INSTRUCTED THE PERSON IN CHARGE TO REMOVE ALL RAT DROPPINGS, CLEAN AND SANITIZE AREAS, AND MAINTAIN. PRIORITY FOUNDATION #7-38-020(A) CITATION ISSUED.
38
Non-food/food contact surfaces clean
Inspector notes: OBSERVED FOOD DEBRIS AND SPILLAGE ON THE INTERIOR OF ALL COLD HOLD UNITS(COLD DRAWERS, COOLERS, 3-DOOR COOLER). INSTRUCTED PERSON IN CHARGE TO CLEAN AND MAINTAIN.
49
Toilet facilities: properly constructed, supplied, & cleaned
Inspector notes: OBSERVED NO COVERED RECEPTACLE IN THE RESTROOM. INSTRUCTED THE PERSON IN CHARGE TO PROVIDE COVERED RECEPTACLES IN ALL RESTROOMS FOR FEMALE USE AND MAINTENANCE.
53
Physical facilities installed, maintained & clean
Inspector notes: OBSERVED HOLES AND OPENINGS IN THE WALL IN THE UTILITY CLOSET. INSTRUCTED PERSON IN CHARGE TO CLOSE AND SEAL ALL HOLES AND MAINTAIN.
55
Physical facilities installed, maintained & clean
Inspector notes: OBSERVED EXCESSIVE BUILD-UP OF DIRT AND GRIME INSIDE DRAIN AT THREE-COMPARTMENT SINK IN REAR PREP AREA. INSTRUCTED PERSON IN CHARGE TO CLEAN AND MAINTAIN. OBSERVED EXCESSIVE FOOD DEBRIS AND GRIME ON THE FLOOR THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE REAR PREP AREA UNDER AND BEHIND EQUIPMENT. INSTRUCTED PERSON IN CHARGE TO CLEAN AND MAINTAIN.
55
Physical facilities installed, maintained & clean
Inspector notes: OBSERVED ITEMS STORED ON FLOOR IN UTILITY CLOSET. INSTRUCTED PERSON IN CHARGE TO MAINTAIN ALL ITEMS AT LEAST SIX INCHES FROM FLOOR AT ALL TIMES.
55
All food employees have food handler training
Inspector notes: OBSERVED NO FOOD HANDLER CERTIFICATES ON SITE FOR FOOD HANDLER EMPLOYEES. INSTRUCTED PERSON IN CHARGE THAT ALL FOOD HANDLER EMPLOYEES ARE REQUIRED TO OBTAIN TRAINING AND MAINTAIN FOOD HANDLER CERTIFICATES ON SITE.
57
61
Apr 1, 2021
Complaint
4 minor violations.
View 4 violations
Adequate ventilation & lighting; designated areas used
Inspector notes: INTERIOR OF VENTILATION HOOD NOT CLEAN, DUST ACCUMULATION. INSTD TO CLEAN AND MAINTAIN
56
Physical facilities installed, maintained & clean
Inspector notes: BROKEN WALL AND FLOOR TILES BEHIND ICE MACHINE. INSTD TO REPAIR AND MAINTAIN.
55
Adequate ventilation & lighting; designated areas used
Inspector notes: LIGHTSHIELD MISSING ON LIGHT IN WALK IN FREEZER. INSTD TO PROVIDE AND MAINTAIN
56
Miscellaneous / public health orders
Inspector notes: OBSERVED 2 FEMALE EMPLOYEES AND 1 MALE EMPLOYEE NOT WEARING MASKS PROPERLY, MASKS BEING WORN BELOW NOSES WITH NOSES EXPOSED. INSTD TO WEAR MASKS AT ALL TIMES AND HAVE NOSE AND MOUTH COMPLETELY COVERED. CITATION ISSUED 7-28-060
64
82
Dec 2, 2019
Reinspection
1 major violation. 6 minor violations.
View 7 violations
Management, food employee and conditional employee; knowledge, responsibilities and reporting
Inspector notes: 2-102.14(O): OBSERVED NO SIGNED EMPLOYEE HEALTH POLICIES FOR EACH EMPLOYEE. INSTRUCTED TO PROVIDE SIGNED EMPLOYEE HEALTH POLICIES ON PREMISE. PRIORITY FOUNDATION VIOLATION 7-38-010.
3
Thermometers provided & accurate
Inspector notes: 4-204.112(B): OBSERVED NO THERMOMETER IN THE MINI COOLER #2 AND THE PREP COOLER. INSTRUCTED TO PROVIDE THERMOMETERS IN ALL REFRIGERATION UNITS.
36
Insects, rodents, & animals not present
Inspector notes: 6-202.15: OBSERVED THE BACK DOOR TO NOT BE RODENT PROOF WITH GAPS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE DOOR. INSTRUCTED TO SEAL THE GAPS ON THE BACK DOOR SO THAT IT IS RODENT PROOF TO PREVENT PEST.
38
Food & non-food contact surfaces cleanable, properly designed, constructed & used
Inspector notes: 4-501.12 Inspector Comments: OBSERVED THE CUTTING BOARD OF THE PREP TABLE TO HAVE OPEN SEAMS AND DARK STAINS. INSTRUCTED TO REPLACE OR REPAIR THE CUTTING BOARD ON THE PREP TABLE.
47
Food & non-food contact surfaces cleanable, properly designed, constructed & used
Inspector notes: OBSERVED THE GASKET TO BE BROKEN ON THE MINI COOLER #2. INSTRUCTED TO REPAIR OR REPLACE AND MAINTAIN THE GASKET OF THE MINI PREP COOLER #2.
47
Physical facilities installed, maintained & clean
Inspector notes: 6-501.114: OBSERVED THE SECOND RESTROOM ON PREMISE BEING USED AS A STORAGE ROOM. INSTRUCTED TO REMOVE THE ITEMS OUT OF THE SECOND RESTROOM AND MAKE IT AVAILABLE TO USE AT ALL TIMES.
55
Physical facilities installed, maintained & clean
Inspector notes: 6-201.17: OBSERVED PEELING PAINT ON THE WALL NEAR THE HAND SINK. INSTRUCTED TO REPAINT THE WALL NEAR THE HAND SINK.
55
67
Nov 25, 2019
Routine
2 major violations. 6 minor violations.
View 8 violations
Management, food employee and conditional employee; knowledge, responsibilities and reporting
Inspector notes: OBSERVED NO SIGNED EMPLOYEE HEALTH POLICIES FOR EACH EMPLOYEE. INSTRUCTED TO PROVIDE SIGNED EMPLOYEE HEALTH POLICIES ON PREMISE. PRIORITY FOUNDATION VIOLATION 7-38-010.
3
Adequate handwashing sinks properly supplied and accessible
Inspector notes: OBSERVED THE HAND SINK IN THE DISH WASHING AREA TO HAVE A BROKEN FAUCET HANDLE AND PIPE MISSING UNDER THE SINK WITH A MAJOR LEAK MAKING THE HAND SINK INOPERABLE. INSTRUCTED TO REPAIR AND MAINTAIN PLUMBING. PRIORITY FOUNDATION VIOLATION 7-38-030 (C) CITATION ISSUED.
10
Thermometers provided & accurate
Inspector notes: OBSERVED NO THERMOMETER IN THE MINI COOLER #2 AND THE PREP COOLER. INSTRUCTED TO PROVIDE THERMOMETERS IN ALL REFRIGERATION UNITS.
36
Insects, rodents, & animals not present
Inspector notes: OBSERVED THE BACK DOOR TO NOT BE RODENT WITH GAPS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE DOOR. INSTRUCTED TO SEAL THE GAPS ON THE BACK DOOR SO THAT IT IS RODENT PROOF TO PREVENT PEST.
38
Food & non-food contact surfaces cleanable, properly designed, constructed & used
Inspector notes: OBSERVED THE CUTTING BOARD OF THE PREP TABLE TO HAVE OPEN SEAMS AND DARK STAINS. INSTRUCTED TO REPLACE OR REPAIR THE CUTTING BOARD ON THE PREP TABLE.
47
Food & non-food contact surfaces cleanable, properly designed, constructed & used
Inspector notes: OBSERVED THE GASKET TO BE BROKEN ON THE MINI COOLER #2. INSTRUCTED TO REPAIR OR REPLACE AND MAINTAIN THE GASKET OF THE MINI PREP COOLER #2.
47
Physical facilities installed, maintained & clean
Inspector notes: OBSERVED THE SECOND RESTROOM ON PREMISE BEING USED AS A STORAGE ROOM. INSTRUCTED TO REMOVE THE ITEMS OUT OF THE THE SECOND RESTROOM AND MAKE IT AVAILABLE TO USE AT ALL TIMES.
55
Physical facilities installed, maintained & clean
Inspector notes: OBSERVED PEELING PAINT ON THE WALL NEAR THE HAND SINK. INSTRUCTED TO REPAINT THE WALL NEAR THE HAND SINK.
55
61
Dec 14, 2017
Routine
2 minor violations.
View 2 violations
Food and non-food contact equipment utensils clean, free of abrasive detergents
Inspector notes: OBSERVED THE REAR MICROWAVE INTERIOR NOT CLEAN, INSTRUCTED TO CLEAN.ALSO CLEAN AND SANITIZE REAR CUTTING BOARD.
33
Walls, ceilings, attached equipment constructed per code: good repair, surfaces clean and dust-less cleaning methods
Inspector notes: OBSERVED THE WALL BEHIND THE REAR HAND SINK PEELING PAINT, INSTRUCTED TO REMOVE PEELING PAINT/RESEAL.
35
90
Dec 5, 2016
Routine
2 minor violations.
View 2 violations
Refrigeration and metal stem thermometers provided and conspicuous
Inspector notes: NO THERMOMETER PROVIDED IN THE MILK COOLER. MUST PROVIDE THERMOMETERS INSIDE OF ALL COOLERS.
40
Food handler requirements met
Inspector notes: ALL FOOD HANDLERS MUST SHOW PROOF OF FOOD HANDLER TRAINING. MUST PROVIDE.
45
90
Dec 11, 2015
Complaint
2 minor violations.
View 2 violations
Food and non-food contact equipment utensils clean, free of abrasive detergents
Inspector notes: INTERIOR PANEL OF ICE MACHINE NOT CLEAN, LIME BUILD-UP. CLEAN AND MAINTAIN. RUBBER GASKETS OF REACH IN COOLER NOT CLEAN. CLEAN SAME AND MAINTAIN.
33
Lighting: required minimum foot-candles of light provided, fixtures shielded
Inspector notes: CRACKED LIGHTSHIELD IN REAR DISHWASHING AREA. REPLACE SAME.
36
90
Apr 22, 2014
Reinspection
5 minor violations.
View 5 violations
* certified food manager on site when potentially hazardous foods are prepared and served
Inspector notes: NO CERTIFIED FOOD MANAGER ON SITE AT TIME OF REINSPECTION WHILE POTEBTIALLY HAZARDOUS FOODS ARE BEING PREPARED, HANDLED & SERVED SUCH AS EGGS, SAUSAGE, MILK ETC. MUST HAVE A CERTIFIED FOOD MANAGER ON SITE AT ALL TIMES. SERIOUS 7-38-012.
21
Floors: constructed per code, cleaned, good repair, coving installed, dust-less cleaning methods used
Inspector notes: OBSERVED FLOOR DRAIN IN FOOD PREP AREA IN DISREPAIR. REPAIR AND MAINTAIN ALL FLOOR DRAINS.
34
Floors: constructed per code, cleaned, good repair, coving installed, dust-less cleaning methods used
34
Refrigeration and metal stem thermometers provided and conspicuous
Inspector notes: OBSERVED EXTERNAL THERMOMETER FOR WALK IN COOLER NOT WORKING WITH NO VISIBLE INTERNAL THERMOMETER PRESENT AT TIME OF INSPECTION. INSTRUCTED TO REPAIR EXTERNAL THERMOMETER OR INSTALL CONSPICUOUS INTERNAL THERMOMETER AND MAINTAIN.
40
Premises maintained free of litter, unnecessary articles, cleaning equipment properly stored
Inspector notes: SECOND BATHROOM NOT BEING USED AS RESTROOM BUT RATHER FOR FOR CHEMICAL STORAGE AND MISC NON FOOD RELATED ITEMS INCLUDING CHRISTMAS DECORATIONS. BATHROOM NEEDS TO BE MAINTIANED IN AN ORGANIZED CAPACITY TO PREVENT RODENT AND INSECT HARBORAGE AND TO BE EASILY CLEANED.
41
78
Apr 15, 2014
Complaint
7 minor violations.
View 7 violations
Food protected during storage, preparation, display, service and transportation
Inspector notes: OBSERVED VISIBLE BLACK MOLD LIKE SUBSTANCES ON INTERIOR OF ICE MACHINE. INSTRUCTED TO HAVE ICE MACHINE PROFESSIONALLY CLEANED AND MAINTAINED. SERIOUS VIOLATION 7-38-005 (a)
16
* certified food manager on site when potentially hazardous foods are prepared and served
Inspector notes: NO CITY OF CHICAGO CERTIFIED FOOD MANAGER ON SITE AT THIS TIME WHILE POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS FOODS ARE BEING PREPARED, HANDLED & SERVED SUCH AS EGGS, SAUSAGE, MILK ETC. MUST HAVE A CITY OF CHICAGO CERTIFIED FOOD MANAGER ON SITE AT ALL TIMES. SERIOUS VIOLATION 7-38-012(a)
21
Food and non-food contact equipment utensils clean, free of abrasive detergents
Inspector notes: OBSERVED HAND SINK UNCLEAN WITH RUST LIKE SUBSTANCE. KEEP HAND SINK CLEAN AT ALL TIMES AND MAINTAIN.
33
Floors: constructed per code, cleaned, good repair, coving installed, dust-less cleaning methods used
Inspector notes: OBSERVED FLOOR DRAIN IN FOOD PREP AREA IN DISREPAIR. REPAIR AND MAINTAIN ALL FLOOR DRAINS.
34
Walls, ceilings, attached equipment constructed per code: good repair, surfaces clean and dust-less cleaning methods
Inspector notes: OBSERVED WALL UNDER HAND SINK IN KITCHEN AREA CONTAINING RUST. CLEAN, SANITIZE AND MAINTAIN WALL IN A SANITARY CONDITION.
35
Refrigeration and metal stem thermometers provided and conspicuous
Inspector notes: OBSERVED EXTERNAL THERMOMETER FOR WALK IN COOLER NOT WORKING WITH NO VISIBLE INTERNAL THERMOMETER PRESENT AT TIME OF INSPECTION. INSTRUCTED TO REPAIR EXTERNAL THERMOMETER OR INSTALL CONSPICUOUS INTERNAL THERMOMETER AND MAINTAIN.
40
Premises maintained free of litter, unnecessary articles, cleaning equipment properly stored
Inspector notes: SECOND BATHROOM NOT BEING USED AS RESTROOM BUT RATHER FOR FOR CHEMICAL STORAGE AND MISC NON FOOD RELATED ITEMS INCLUDING CHRISTMAS DECORATIONS. BATHROOM NEEDS TO BE MAINTIANED IN AN ORGANIZED CAPACITY TO PREVENT RODENT AND INSECT HARBORAGE AND TO BE EASILY CLEANED.
41
70
Aug 30, 2012
Reinspection
3 minor violations.
View 3 violations
* certified food manager on site when potentially hazardous foods are prepared and served
Inspector notes: NO CERTIFIED FOOD MANAGER ON SITE WHEN POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS FOODS ARE PREP AND SERVED. SERIOUS CITATION GIVEN 7-38-012
21
Walls, ceilings, attached equipment constructed per code: good repair, surfaces clean and dust-less cleaning methods
Inspector notes: SEAL THE HOLES IN THE WALLS IN THE STORE ROOM BY THE TOILET ROOM SO NO INSECT OR RODENT HARBORAGE.
35
Premises maintained free of litter, unnecessary articles, cleaning equipment properly stored
Inspector notes: CLUTTER IN THE STORE ROOM. INSTRUCTED TO CLEAN AND ORGNIZE SO NO INSECT OR RODENT HARBORAGE.
41
86
Aug 23, 2012
Routine
5 minor violations.
View 5 violations
No evidence of rodent or insect outer openings protected/rodent proofed, a written log shall be maintained available to the inspectors
Inspector notes: THE BACK DOOR HAS A ONE INCH GAP AT THE RIGHT SIDE BOTTOM OF THE DOOR AND NOT INSECT OR RODENT PROOFED. SERIOUS CITATION GIVEN 7-38-020. INSTRUCTED TO REPAIR OR REPLACE THE DOOR SO IT WILL BE TIGHT FITTING AND RODENT PROOFED.
18
Outside garbage waste grease and storage area; clean, rodent proof, all containers covered
Inspector notes: THE FIRST DUMPSTER NOT COVERED AND MISSING A SECTION AND THE THIRD DUMPSTER TOP IS BROKEN. BOTH DUMPSTERS ARE NO INSECT ON RODENT PROFFED.SERIOUS CITATION GIVEN 7-38-020 INSTRUCTED TO GET TWO TOPS THAT WILL BE INSECT AND RODENT PROOFED.
19
Food and non-food contact equipment utensils clean, free of abrasive detergents
Inspector notes: CLEAN THE RACKS IN THE REAR PREP AREA HAS FOOD DEBRIS ON THEM.
33
Walls, ceilings, attached equipment constructed per code: good repair, surfaces clean and dust-less cleaning methods
Inspector notes: SEAL THE HOLES IN THE WALLS IN THE STORE ROOM BY THE TOILET ROOMS SO NO INSECT OR RODENT HARBORAGE.
35
Premises maintained free of litter, unnecessary articles, cleaning equipment properly stored
Inspector notes: CLUTTER IN THE STOREROOM. INSTRUCTED TO CLEAN AND ORGNIZE SO NO INSECT OR RODENT HARBORAGE.
41
78
Aug 30, 2011
Reinspection
1 minor violation.
View 1 violation
Premises maintained free of litter, unnecessary articles, cleaning equipment properly stored
Inspector notes: UNNECESSARY ARTICLES/CLUTTER IN MENS TOILET ROOM. INSTD TO REMOVE SAME AND ORGANIZE.
41
95
Aug 15, 2011
Routine
4 minor violations.
View 4 violations
No evidence of rodent or insect outer openings protected/rodent proofed, a written log shall be maintained available to the inspectors
Inspector notes: LIVE FLIES (OVER 1O) NOTED IN DINING AREA ON WALLS AND WINDOWS AND IN REAR. INSTD TO ELIMINATE FLY ACTIVITY AND CONTACT PEST CONTROL FOR SERVICE. CITATION ISSUED 7-38-020 SERIOUS.
18
Floors: constructed per code, cleaned, good repair, coving installed, dust-less cleaning methods used
Inspector notes: FLOOR DRAIN IN REAR PREP AREA NOT CLEAN. CLEAN AND MAINTAIN. WALK-IN COOLER FLOOR UNDER RACKS AND IN CORNERS NOT CLEAN. CLEAN SAME.
34
Walls, ceilings, attached equipment constructed per code: good repair, surfaces clean and dust-less cleaning methods
Inspector notes: VENT COVERS THRU-OUT NEED DETAILED CLEANING, FREE OF DUST.
35
Premises maintained free of litter, unnecessary articles, cleaning equipment properly stored
Inspector notes: UNNECESSARY ARTICLES/CLUTTER IN MENS TOILET ROOM. INSTD TO REMOVE SAME AND ORGANIZE.
41
82

Frequently Asked Questions

When was Dunkin Donuts last inspected?

The most recent health inspection at Dunkin Donuts on file is from Nov 26, 2025. The public record contains 15 inspections in total.

What is the most common violation at Dunkin Donuts?

Across the inspection record, “physical facilities installed, maintained & clean” has been cited 10 times, more than any other issue at Dunkin Donuts.

Has Dunkin Donuts' inspection record improved over time?

Results have been roughly steady. Inspections at Dunkin Donuts have averaged around six violations per visit across the recent record.

What does a low risk rating mean?

A low risk rating at Dunkin Donuts means inspectors found minimal or no significant issues at the most recent visit. Most facilities at this tier have a clean recent inspection report.

How often is Dunkin Donuts inspected?

Based on the inspection history on file, Dunkin Donuts is inspected roughly once per year on average.